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Nov 09, 2022

How To Get An Information Technology (IT) Internship?

IT, or information technology, is the study and application of all information-related systems. With IT experience, you can pursue a wide range of career opportunities. Because it is utilised all over and in many ways, you may work in almost any field that interests you, and it can also pay fairly well. What does an IT intern do? IT interns are often focused on software and hardware maintenance and troubleshooting. You'll be working with a diverse group of individuals that are interested in information technology and its implications at various levels. Your IT internship may appear slightly different from another intern's employment, depending on the firm you're interning for. How to find an IT internship with no experience? If you want to acquire an IT internship but have no prior experience, you should play to your skills and demonstrate your want to learn. You can start by searching for IT internships on Itbots.in to get a sense of the requirements that companies often set for their interns. Then, in your CV and cover letter, mention your prior responsibilities and experiences to which your talents transfer. Mention it if you've attended a coding course or learnt an essential programming language, for example, C++, Java, Python etc. Also mention if you have worked on any projects in the penultimate year of your college education. Mention any hackathons or any famous coding challenges that you have participated in. For example, Techgig conducts coding competitions every year. When to start applying for IT internships? For most occupations, it is better to look for an internship sooner rather than later! If you want to do a summer IT internship, we recommend that you start looking for internship possibilities no later than the previous season. Many companies love to hire in the autumn, so staying up to speed on fall virtual career fairs will help you land a job! Each organisation has various application dates, so applying as soon as possible is typically preferable! If you're looking for a job during the school year, apply 3-6 months in advance so you can notify your internship about your other responsibilities and classes. It's also critical to remember that your university's career services office will offer valuable information on unique recruitment times at your school. Make an appointment with your career counsellor at the start of the school year for further assistance in preparing ahead! Where do IT interns work? IT interns can apply their skills to a variety of jobs, including Programmers, IT Analysts, Data Scientists, Data Analysts, Software Developers and Engineers, and Computer Network Architects. They also can work for a wide range of firms, such as those on our ever-expanding list of employers now recruiting. What skills are relevant for IT interns? Knowledge of relevant programming languages like C++, Java Good knowledge of database Front end Technologies like HTML, CSS, Bootstrap Good logical thinking Exceptional attention to detail Capability to work in a team environment Excellent troubleshooting and analytical abilities Curiosity to learn new technologies Some companies offering internships are Cotocus [ http://www.cotocus.com/career/ – [email protected] ] Microsoft [ https://careers.microsoft.com/students/us/en/ur-lp-india ] Google [ https://careers.google.com/students/ ] IBM [ https://www.ibm.com/in-en/employment/entrylevel/ ] Amazon [ https://www.amazon.jobs/en-gb/teams/in ] EMC [ https://jobs.dell.com/internships ] BMC [ https://www.bmc.com/careers/careers.html ] Paypal [ https://www.paypal.com/us/webapps/mpp/jobs/students-and-grads/internships ] Oracle [ https://www.oracle.com/in/corporate/careers/students-grads/ ] VMWare [ https://careers.vmware.com/internships ] Redhat [ https://research.redhat.com/internships/ ] Symantec[https://www.vault.com/internship-program/computer-software/symantec-corporation/internship-opportunities] Adobe [ https://www.adobe.com/careers.html ] Sample Internship Cover Letter Dear Mr George, I am submitting my resume for consideration for the summer application developer internship program at ABC Company. Given the skills and experience outlined in my enclosed resume, I believe I might be a worthy asset to your team. In my three years at XYZ college, I have completed a great deal of coursework on cutting-edge design trends and best practices including Principles of User Experience Design and Mobile Application Design where I learned and applied skills such as user journey mapping, application wireframing and designing software for a variety of mobile devices and operating systems. In addition, I spent the past term volunteering my time with a local non-profit that collects donated clothes and redistributes it to families in need. I helped the web team update and re-launch an application that allows people in the community to locate nearby drop-off points and schedule pick-ups. Volunteering with the non-profit has also taught me the importance of building a convenient and memorable consumer experience that aligns with the brand. It also helped me grow my skills in team collaboration, verbal communication and project leadership. I believe I would make an excellent addition to your team. This internship would help me grow my real-world experience in the technology industry and help me further develop and refine my application design skills. I look forward to hearing from you! Sincerely, Parvati Moore

Sumasri

Nov 05, 2022

Docker Interview questions with Answers Part 2

Continued from Docker Interview questions with Answers Part 1 Docker is the new craze in virtualization and cloud computing. Why are people so excited about it? Answer: Docker is fast, easy for using and a developer-centric DevOps-ish tool. it is easy to package and ship code. Developers will want tools which abstract away a lot of the details of that process. They will just want for seeing their code working. That will lead to all sorts of conflicts with Sys Admins when code will be shipped around and turns out not to work somewhere other than the developer’s environment. Docker will turn to work around that by making code as portable as possible and making that portability user-friendly and simple. Do you think open source development has heavily influenced cloud technology development? Answer: I think open source software will be closely tied to cloud computing. Both in terms of the software running in the cloud and the development models which have enabled the cloud. Open source software will be cheap, it’s low friction both from an efficiency and a licensing perspective. Can you give us a quick rundown of what we should expect from your Docker presentation at OSCON this year? Answer: It is aimed at Developers and SysAdmins who will want to get started with Docker in very hands on way. We’ll teach the basics of how to use Docker and how to integrate it into daily workflow. How is Docker different from other container technologies? Answer: Docker containers are easy to deploy in the cloud. It is capable of getting more applications running on the same hardware compared to other technologies such as Kubernete, Amazon Elastic Contain, etc. Therefore making learners who take Kubernetes Training Hyderabad and developers create, ready-to-run containerized applications and make them manage, deploy and share easily. Mention some commonly used Docker Commands? Answer: Some among the most commonly used Docker Commands will be as follows: Command Description Dockerd Launch the Docker Daemon Info Displays information System-Wide Version Displays the Docker Version information Build Builds images for Docker files Inspect Returns low-level information on an image or container History Shows Image History Commit Creates new images from Container changes Attach Attaches to a running container Load Load an image from STDIN or tar archive Create Create a new container Diff Inspect changes on a container’s file system Kill Kill a running container What is a Docker Hub? Answer: Docker Hub can be considered as a cloud registry which lets us link the code repositories, create the images, and test them. We will also store our pushed images, or we will link to the Docker Cloud, therefore that the images will be deployed to the host. We have a centralized container image discovery resource which will be used for the collaboration of our teams, automating the workflow and distribution, and changing management by creating the development pipeline. Docker Vs VM (Virtual Machine) Virtual Machines Vs Docker Containers Virtual Machines Docker Containers Need more resources Less resources are used Process isolation is done at hardware level Process Isolation is done at Operating System level Separate Operating System for each VM Operating System resources can be shared within Docker VMs can be customized. Custom container setup is easy Takes time to create Virtual Machine Creation of docker is very quick Booting takes minutes CBooting is done within seconds Do I lose my data when the Docker container exits? Answer: There is no loss of data when any of Docker containers will exit as any of the data that application can write to the disk in order to preserve it. This can be done until the container is explicitly deleted. The file system for the Docker container will persist even after the Docker container is halted. 83. What, in your opinion, is the most exciting potential use for Docker? Answer: The most exciting potential use of Docker is its build pipeline. Most of the Docker professionals will be seen using hyper-scaling with containers, and indeed get a lot of containers on the host which it can run on. These will be known to be blatantly fast. Most of the development – test build pipeline will be completely automated using the Docker framework. Why is Docker the new craze in virtualization and cloud computing? Answer: Docker will be the newest and the latest craze in the world of Virtualization and also Cloud computing because it will be an ultra-lightweight containerization app which is brimming with potential to prove its mettle. Why do my services take 10 seconds to recreate or stop? Answer: Docker compose stop attempts to stop a specific Docker container by sending a SIGTERM message. Once this message will be delivered, it CaaS wait for the default timeout period of 10 seconds and once the timeout period will be crossed, it will then send out a SIGKILL message for the container – in order to kill it forcefully. If we are actually waiting for the timeout period, then it will mean that the containers will not shutting down on receiving SIGTERM signals / messages. In an attempt to solve this issue, the following is what we will do: We can ensure that we are using the JSON form of the CMD and also the ENTRYPOINT in dockerfile. Use [“program”, “argument1”, “argument2”] instead of sending it as a plain string as like this – “program argument1 argument2”. Using the string form, which will make Docker run the process using bash which will not handle signals properly. Compose always uses the JSON form. If it is possible then modify the application which we are intended to run by adding an explicit signal handler for the SIGTERM signal Also set the stop_signal to a proper signal which the application will understand and also know how to handle it. How do I run multiple copies of a Compose file on the same host? Answer: Docker’s compose will makes use of the Project name for creating unique identifiers for all of the project’s containers and resources. In order to run multiple copies of the same project, we will required to set a custom project name using the –p command line option or we could use the COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME environment variable for this purpose. What’s the difference between up, run, and start? Answer: On any given scenario, we will always want docker-compose up. Using the command UP, we will start or restart all the services which are defined in a docker-compose.yml file. In the “attached” mode, that will also the default mode – we will be able to see all the log files from all the containers. In the “detached” mode, it can exit after starting all the containers that will continue to run in the background showing nothing over in the foreground. Using docker-compose run command; we can be able to run the one-off or the ad-hoc tasks which will be required to be run as per the Business needs and requirements. This will require the service name to be provided which we would want to run and based on that, it can only start those containers for the services which the running service will depend on. Using the run command, we can run tests or perform any of the administrative tasks as like removing / adding data to the data volume container. It will also very similar to the docker run –ti command that opens up an interactive terminal to the containers an exit status which will matche with the exit status of the process in the container. Using the docker-compose start command; we will only restart the containers which were previously created and were stopped. This command will never create any new Docker containers on its own. What’s the benefit of “Dockerizing?” Answer: Dockerizing enterprise environments will help teams to leverage over the Docker containers to form a service platform such as a CaaS (Container as a Service). It will provide teams that necessary agility, portability and also lets them control staying within their own network / environment. Most of the developers opt for using Docker and Docker alone because of the flexibility and also the ability that it will provide to quickly build and ship applications to the rest of the world. Docker containers will be portable and these will run on any environment without making any additional changes when the application developers will have to move between Developer, Staging and Production environments. This whole process will be seamlessly implemented without the need of performing any recoding activities for any of the environments. These not only will help to reduce the time between these lifecycle states, but also will ensure that the whole process can be performed with utmost efficiency. There is every possibility for the Developers for debugging any certain issue, fix it and will also update the application with it and propagate this fix to the higher environments with utmost ease. The operations teams will handle the security of the environments while also allow the developers build and ship the applications in an independent manner. The CaaS platform which is provided by Docker framework will deploy on-premise and can also loaded with full of enterprise level security features like role-based access control, integration with LDAP or any Active Directory, image signing and etc. Operations teams will have heavily rely on the scalability provided by Docker and will also leverage over the Dockerized applications across any environments. Docker containers will be so portable that it will allow teams to migrate workloads which will run on an Amazon’s AWS environment to Microsoft Azure without change its code and also with no downtime at all. Docker will allow teams to migrate these workloads from their cloud environments to their physical datacenters and vice versa. This also will enable the Organizations to focus on the infrastructure from the gained advantages both monetarily and also the self-reliability over Docker. The lightweight nature of Docker containers are compared to traditional tools such as virtualization, combined with the ability for Docker containers to run within VMs, allowing teams for optimizing their infrastructure by 20X, and save money in the process. How many containers can run per host? Answer: Depending on the environment where Docker hosts the containers, there will be as many containers as the environment will support. The application size, available resources such as CPU, memory will decide on the number of containers which will run on an environment. Though containers will create newer CPU on their own but they will definitely provide efficient ways of utilizing the resources. The containers themselves are super lightweight and will only last as long as the process they are running. Is there a possibility to include specific code with COPY/ADD or a volume? Answer: This will be easily achieved by adding either the COPY or the ADD directives in dockerfile. This can count to be useful if we want to move code along with any of Docker images, example, sending code an environment up the ladder – Development environment to the Staging environment or from the Staging environment to the Production environment. Having said that, we might come across situations where we will required to use both the approaches. We will have the image include the code using a COPY, and use a volume in Compose file to include the code from the host during development. The volume will override the directory contents of the image. Will cloud automation overtake containerization any sooner? Answer: Docker containers will gain the popularity each passing day and definitely can be a quintessential part of any professional Continuous Integration / Continuous Development pipelines. There is equal responsibility on all the key stakeholders at each Organization for taking up the challenge of weighing the risks and gains on adopting technologies which are budding up on a daily basis. Docker is extremely effective in Organizations that appreciate the consequences of Containerization. Is there a way to identify the status of a Docker container? Answer: We will identify the status of a Docker container by running the command ‘docker ps –a’, that will in turn list down all the available docker containers with its corresponding statuses on the host. From there we will easily identify the container of interest to check its status correspondingly. What are the differences between the ‘docker run’ and the ‘docker create’? Answer: The most important difference is that by using the ‘docker create’ command we will create a Docker container in the Stopped state. We will also give it with an ID which can be stored for later usages as well. This will be achieved by using the command ‘docker run’ with the option –cidfile FILE_NAME as like this: ‘docker run –cidfile FILE_NAME’ Can you remove a paused container from Docker? Answer: It is not possible for removing a container from Docker which is just paused. It is a must which a container will be in the stopped state, before it will be removed from the Docker container. Is there a possibility that a container can restart all by itself in Docker? Answer: No, it is not possible. The default –restart flag is set for never restart on its What is the preferred way of removing containers – ‘docker rm -f’ or ‘docker stop’ then followed by a ‘docker rm’? Answer: The best and the preferred way for removing containers from Docker is to use the ‘docker stop’, as it will allow sending a SIG_HUP signal to its recipients providing them the time which is required for performing all the finalization and cleanup tasks. Once this activity can be completed, we will then comfortably remove the container using the ‘docker rm’ command from Docker and thereby updating the docker registry as well. Difference between Docker Image and container? Answer: Docker container is the runtime instance of docker image. Docker Image can not have a state and its state never changes because it will be just set of files whereas docker container will have its execution state. What are the main drawbacks of Docker? Answer: Following are drawbacks of Docker : Not provide a storage option Provides a poor monitoring option. No automatic rescheduling of inactive Nodes Complicated automatic horizontal scaling set up What is Docker Engine? Answer: Docker daemon or Docker engine will represent the server. The docker daemon and the clients will run on the same or remote host, that will communicate through command-line client binary and full RESTful API. Explain Registries. Answer: There are following types of registry : Public Registry Private Registry Docker’s public registry is called Docker hub, which can allow to store images privately. In Docker hub, we can store millions of images. What command should you run to see all running container in Docker? Answer: $ docker ps Write the command to stop the docker container. Answer: $ sudo docker stop container name What is the command to run the image as a container? Answer: $ sudo docker run -i -t alpine /bin/bash What are the common instruction in Dockerfile? Answer: The common instruction in Dockerfile are FROM, LABEL, RUN, and CMD. What is memory-swap flag? Answer: Memory-swap is a modified flag which has meaning if- memory is set. Swap will allow the container to write express memory requirements on disk when the container has exhausted all the RAM which is available to it. Explain Docker Swarm? Answer: Docker Swarm is native gathering for docker which can help to a group of Docker hosts into a single and virtual docker host. It will offer the standard docker application program interface. How can you monitor the docker in production environments? Answer: Docker states and Docker Events can be used for monitoring docker in the production environment. What the states of Docker container? Answer: Following are Important states of Docker container: Running Paused Restarting Exited What is Virtualization? Answer:Virtualization is a method to logically divide mainframes to allow multiple applications for running simultaneously. This scenario will changed when companies and open source communities can be able to offer a method of handling privileged instructions. It will allow multiple OS to run simultaneously on a single x86 based system What is Hypervisor? Answer: The hypervisor will allow to create a virtual environment in that the guest virtual machines can operate. It will control the guest systems and checks if the resources are allocated to the guests as per requirement. Explain Docker object labels. Answer: Docker object labels is a method to apply metadata to docker objects including, images, containers, volumes, network, swam nodes, and services. Write a Docker file to create and copy a directory and built it using python modules? Answer: FROM pyhton:2.7-slim WORKDIR /app COPY . /app docker build –tag Where the docker volumes are stored? Answer: /var/lib/docker/volumes List out some important advanced docker commands Answer: Command Description docker info Information Command docker pull Download an image docker stats Container information Docker images List of images downloaded How does communication happen between Docker client and Docker Daemon? Answer: We will communicate between Docker client and Docker Daemon with the combination of Rest API, socket.IO, and TCP. Explain Implementation method of Continuous Integration(CI) and Continues Development (CD) in Docker? Answer: We required to do the following things: Runs Jenkins on docker We will run integration tests in Jenkins using docker-compose What are the command to control Docker with System? Answer: systemctl start/stop docker service docker start/stop. How to use JSON instead of YAML compose file? Answer: docker-compose -f docker-compose.json up What is the command you need to give to push the new image to Docker registry? Answer: docker push myorg/img How to include code with copy/add or volumes? Answer: In docker file, we required to use COPY or ADD directive. This is useful to relocate code. However, we should use a volume if we want to make changes. Explain the process of scaling your Docker containers. Answer: The Docker containers can be scaled to any level starting from a few hundred to even thousands or millions of containers. The only condition for this is that the containers required the memory and the OS at all times, and there should not be a constraint when the Docker is getting scaled. What are the steps for the Docker container life cycle? Answer: Following are the steps for Docker life cycle: Build Pull Run How can you run multiple containers using a single service? Answer: By using docker-compose, we can run multiple containers using a single service. All docker- compose files can use yaml language. What is CNM? Answer: CNM will stand for Container Networking Model. It will form the basis of container networking in a Docker environment. This docker’s approach will provide container networking with support for multiple network drivers. Does Docker offer support for IPV6? Answer: Yes, Docker will provide support IPv6. IPv6 networking is supported only on Docker daemons which will run on Linux hosts. However, if we want to enable IPv6 support in the Docker daemon, we required to modify /etc/docker/daemon.json and set the ipv6 key to true. What are a different kind of volume mount types available in Docker? Answer: Bind mounts- It will be stored anywhere on the host system How to configure the default logging driver under Docker? Answer: We required to set the value of log-driver to the name of the logging drive the daemon.jason.fie to configure the Docker daemon to default for a specific logging driver. Explain Docker Trusted Registry? Answer: Docker Trusted Registry is the enterprise-grade image storage toll for Docker. We should install it after firewall so that we can securely manage the Docker images we will use in the applications. What are Docker Namespaces? Answer: The Namespace in Docker is a technique that will offer isolated workspaces called the Container. Namespaces can also offer a layer of isolation for the Docker containers. What are the three components of Docker Architecture? Answer: Following are three components of Docker Architecture: Client Docker-Host Registry What is client? Answer:Docker will provide Command Line Interface tools to the client to interact with Docker daemon. What is the method for creating a Docker container? Answer:We will use any of the specific Docker images to create a Docker container using the below command. docker run -t -i command name This command not will create the container but also start it. What is the best place to find decent examples of ‘compose files’? Answer:Most of the high-key companies which require Docker experts use a specific tool to manage their internal workings. That tool is called GitHub. Other than all of the main functions which it will perform, it is also a great place to find the before- mentioned compose files for Docker containers. How do you think Docker will change virtualization and cloud environments? Answer:There are a lot of workloads which Docker is ideal for. Both in the hyper-scale world of many containers and in the dev-test-build use case. I will fully expect a lot of companies and vendors to embrace Docker as an alternative form of virtualization on both bare metal and in the cloud. What are the various states that a Docker container can be in at any given point in time? Answer:There will be four states which a Docker container will be in, at any provided point in time. Those states will be as given as follows: Running Paused Restarting Exited

Superadmin

Nov 05, 2022

Docker Interview Questions with answers Part 1

What is Docker? Answer: Docker is an open-source container service designed to facilitate applications deployment inside the software containers. It will rely on Linux Kernel Features like namespaces and cgroups ensuring which resource isolation and application packaging along with its dependencies. Docker was licensed under Apache License 2.0 in the binary form and fully written in the Go programming language. It can support several operating systems like Linux, Cloud, Windows, and Mac OS and different platforms like ARM architecture and x86-64 windows platforms. Why use Docker? Docker has the following benefits: A user can quickly build, ship, and run its applications. A single operating system kernel will run all containers. Docker container is more light-weight than the virtual machines. A user will deploy Docker containers anywhere, on any physical and virtual machines and even on the cloud. 3. List the most used commands of Docker. Some common commands are: ps lists the running containers. dockerd launches Docker Daemon. build is used to build an image from a DockerFile. create is used to create a new image form container’s changes. pull is used to download a specific image or a repository. run is used to run a container. logs display the logs of a container. rm removes one or more containers. 9.rmi removes one or more images. stop is used to stop one or more container. kill is used to kill all running containers. Does the data get lost, if the Docker container exits? No. any data which application will write to disk can get well preserved in its container until we will explicitly delete the container and the file system will persist even after the container halts. What is Dockerfile and its use? DockerFile is a text document which is used to assemble a Docker image. It is consist of a list of Docker commands and operating system commands for building an image. These commands will execute automatically in sequence in the Docker environment and create a new Docker image. How Docker is advantageous over Hypervisors? Docker is advantageous in following ways: It is lightweight. More efficient in terms of resources. It uses very fewer resources and also the underlying host kernel rather than developing its hypervisor. How to create a Docker container? A Docker Container will be created by running any specific Docker image. Use the following command to create a container . docker run -t -i command name If to verify that whether the container has created or whether that is running or not, use the following command as this command will lists out all the running Docker containers on the host along with their status. docker ps -a Can json be used instead of yaml for compose file? Yes, json can be used instead of yaml for compose file. How do I run multiple copies of Compose file on the same host? Compose will use the project name which will allow to create unique identifiers for all of a project’s containers and other resources. To run multiple copies of a project, set a custom project name using the -a command-line option or using COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME environment variable. What are the components of Docker Architecture? Docker Client (docker) – it will enable a user for Docker interaction. It will communicate with more than one Docker Daemon. It can use Docker API and can send command ( docker run) to Docker Daemon ( dockerd ) which carries them out. Docker Daemon ( dockerd ) – It will give a complete environment to execute and run applications. It is consists of images, containers, volumes and responsible for all container-related actions. It can pull and create the container images as what the client requests. A Daemon will communicate with other daemons for its service management. Docker registry -is versioning, storage, and distribution system for Docker images. It allows Docker users to pull images locally, and push new images to the registry. Docker Hub is a public registry instance of Docker used by default while installing Docker Engine. Docker Image- is a lightweight, standalone, executable package of Docker stored in a Docker Registry. It can be used for creating a container. It will consist of everything required to run an application- code, a runtime, system libraries, system tools, environment variables, configuring files, and settings. Docker Container– It is a standardized unit of software used for deploying a particular application or environment. It is launched by running an image. It can package up code and all of its dependencies therefore apps will run quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another. On what platforms does Docker run? Docker will run on various platforms as follows: Linux Ubuntu 12.04, 13.04 et al Fedora 19/20+ RHEL 6.5+ CentOS 6+ Gentoo ArchLinux openSUSE 12.3+ CRUX 3.0+ Microsoft Windows Windows Server 2016 Windows 10 Cloud Amazon EC2Google Compute Engine Microsoft Azure Rackspace What is the purpose of Docker_Host? It will contain container, images, and Docker daemon. It will offer a complete environment to execute and run application. What is Docker Engine? Docker Engine is a Client-Server application which is installed on the host machine. It will allows to develop, assemble, ship, and run applications anywhere. It can be available for Linux or Windows Server. Its major components are as follows: Server is a long-running program which is called a Daemon process (docker ) REST API specifies interfaces which docker will use to communicate with Daemon and instruct it what to do. CLI (Command Line Interface) – It will use the Docker REST API to manage and interact with the Daemon through its scripting commands. 14. What is the Lifecycle of Docker container? Answer: The Lifecycle of Docker Container with CLI is as following: Create a Container. Run the created Container. Pause the processes running inside the Container. Unpause the processes running inside the Container. Start the Container, if exists in a stopped state. Stop the Container as well as the running processes. Restart the Container as well as the running processes. Kill the running Container. Destroy the Container, only if it exists in a stopped state. What is Kubernetes and Docker? Docker is a platform and tool to build, distribute, and run Docker containers. Kubernetes is a container orchestration system for Docker containers which is more extensive than Docker Swarm and will be meant to coordinate clusters of nodes at scale in production in an efficient manner. When should I use Docker? When To Use Docker? Use cases for Docker include: Use Docker as version control system for entire app’s operating system. Use Docker when want to distribute/collaborate on app’s operating system with a team. Use Docker to run code on laptop in the same environment as we have on your server (try the building tool). What is the advantage of Docker? The most important advantages to a Docker-based architecture is actually standardization. Docker will provide repeatable development, build, test, and production environments. Every team member can work on a production parity environment by Standardizing service infrastructure across the entire pipeline. Why is Docker needed? Docker is required to ease the creation, deploy and the delivery of an application using the called Containers. A Docker Container has just the minimum set of operating system not a full operating system, a software required for the application to run and rely on the host Linux Kernel itself. Is Kubernetes better than Docker? Kubernetes and Docker isn’t an alternative of each other. Quite the contrary; Kubernetes will run without Docker and Docker will function without Kubernetes. Kubernetes will benefit greatly from Docker and vice versa. Docker is a standalone software which will be installed on any computer to run containerized applications. What is the difference between Docker and Openshift? The main difference between Docker and Openshift is that Docker as a project will focuse on the runtime container only, whereas OpenShift as a system will include both the runtime container along the REST API, coordination, and web interfaces for deploying and manage individual containers. A cartridge has similarity to a docker image. What are the disadvantages of Docker? Some disadvantages with Docker are: Containers will not run at bare-metal speeds. Containers consume resources more efficiently than virtual machines but still it is subject to performance overhead due to overlay networking, interfacing between containers and the host system and so on. 22. What is the most popular use of Docker? The most common technologies running in Docker are: NGINX: Docker is mostly used for deploying and run HTTP servers. Redis: This popular key-value store is a regular feature a top the list of container images. Postgres: The open source relational database is steadily increasing in popularity. Should I use Docker for development? The development environment is the similar as the production environment. We will deploy and it can “just work”. If it is hard time to build something by build or compile, build it inside Docker. Is Docker a VM? In a virtual machine, valuable resources will be emulated for the guest OS and hypervisor, that will make it possible to run many instances of one or more operating systems in parallel on a single machine or host. Docker containers are executed with the Docker engine not within the hypervisor. Why is Docker so popular? Docker is popular because it has revolutionized development.The main benefit is that containers create vast economies of scale. How do I download Docker? Following way Docker can be downloaded: Install Docker for Mac run it Double-click Docker.dmg for openning the installer, then drag Moby the whale to the Applications folder. Double-click Docker.app in the Applications folder to start Docker. Click the whale ( ) to get Preferences and other options. Select About Docker to verify that you have the latest version. Talk about Docker performance? Docker does well when compared to virtual machines in relation to performance, because containers will share the host kernel and will not emulate a full operating system. However, Docker does impose performance costs. If we required to get the best possible performance out of server, we may required to avoid Docker. What can you do with Docker? We are just some of the use cases which will provide a consistent environment at low overhead with the enabling technology of Docker. Simplifying Configuration. Code Pipeline Management. Developer Productivity. App Isolation. Server Consolidation. Debugging Capabilities. Multi-tenancy. What are Docker images? A Docker image is a file which is comprised of multiple layers, used for executing code in a Docker container. An image will be essentially built from the instructions for a complete and executable version of an application, which will relies on the host OS kernel. Is Docker a Microservice? Docker will Benefits for Microservices. Docker, as a containerization tool, will be often compared to virtual machines. Virtual machines are introduced to optimize the use of computing resources. We will run several VMs on a single server and deploy each application instance on a separate virtual machine. How much does Docker cost? As of now, Docker offers three enterprise editions of its software. Pricing which is start at $750 per node per year. What is docker in AWS? Docker is a software platform which will allow to build, test, and deploy applications quickly. Running Docker on AWS will provide developers and admins a highly reliable, low-cost way for building, ship, and run distributed applications at any scale. Is Kubernetes free? Pure open source Kubernetes is free and it can be downloaded from its repository on GitHub. Administrators should build and deploy the Kubernetes release to a local system or cluster or to a system or cluster in a public cloud, such as AWS, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) or Microsoft Azure. Difference between virtualization and containerization? Containers will provide an isolated environment to run the application. The entire user space will be explicitly dedicated to the application. Any changes which are made inside the container will never reflected on the host or even other containers running on the same host. Containers will be an abstraction of the application layer. Each container has a different application. In virtualization, hypervisors will provide an entire virtual machine to the guest including Kernel. Virtual machines will be an abstraction of the hardware layer. Each VM is a physical machine. Explain how you can clone a Git repository via Jenkins? To clone a Git repository via Jenkins, we have to enter the e-mail and user name for Jenkins system. To do that we have to switch into job directory and execute the “git config” command. What is a Docker Container and its advantages? Docker containers will include the application and all of its dependencies. It will share the kernel with other containers, running as isolated processes in user space on the host operating system. Docker containers will not required any specific infrastructure, they will run on any infrastructure, and in any cloud. Docker containers will be basically runtime instances of Docker images. Following are major advantage of using Docker Container:- It will offer an efficient and easy initial set up. It will allow to describe application lifecycle in detail. Simple configuration and interacts with Docker Compose. Documentation will provide every bit of information. 37. Explain Docker Architecture? Docker Architecture will consist of a Docker Engine that is a client-server application:- A server which is a type of long-running program which is called a daemon process ( the docker command ). A REST API which will specify interfaces that programs will use to talk the daemon and instruct it what to do. A command-line interface (CLI) client (the docker command) The CLI will use the Docker REST API to control or interact with Docker daemon applications use the underlying API and CLI. What is Docker Hub? Docker hub is a cloud-based registry that will help us to link code repositories. It will allows us to build, test, store image in the Docker cloud. We can deploy the image to host with the help of the Docker hub. What are the important features of Docker? Following are the essential features of Docker: Easy Modeling version Control Placement/Affinity Application Agility Developer Productivity Operational Efficiencies 40. What are the main drawbacks of Docker? Following are the disadvantages of Docker which we should keep in mind It will not provide a storage option. Offer a poor monitoring option. No automatic rescheduling of inactive Nodes. Complicated automatic horizontal scaling set up. Tell us something about Docker Compose. Docker Compose is a YAML file which will contain details about the service, network, and volumes to set up the Docker application. Therefore, we will use Docker compose for creating separate containers, host them and get them to communicate with other containers. What is Docker Swarm? Docker Swarm is native clustering for Docker. It will turn a pool of Docker hosts into a single, virtual Docker host. Docker Swarm will serve the standard Docker API, any tool which already communicates with a Docker daemon will be use Swarm to transparently scale to multiple hosts. What is Docker Engine? Docker daemon or Docker engine will represent the server. The docker daemon and the clients will run on the same or remote host, which will communicate through command-line client binary and full RESTful API. Explain Registries The two types of registry are Public Registry Private Registry Docker’s public registry is called Docker hub, which will allow to store images privately. In Docker hub, we will store millions of images. What command should you run to see all running container in Docker? $docker ps Write the command to stop the Docker Container. $ sudo docker stop container name What is the command to run the image as a container? $ sudo docker run -i -t alpine /bin/bash Explain Docker object labels. Docker object labels is a method to apply metadata to docker objects which will include images, containers, volumes, network, swarm nodes, and services. Write a Docker file to create and copy a directory and built it using python modules? FROM pyhton:2.7-slim WORKDIR /app COPY . /app docker build –tag Where the docker volumes are stored? We required to navigate to: /var/lib/docker/volumes How do you run multiple copies of Compose file on the same host? Compose will use the project name which will allow us for creating unique identifiers for all of a project’s containers and other resources. To run multiple copies of a project, set a custom project name using the -a command-line option or using COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME environment variable. Did Docker come up with the ‘container’ technology? No, Docker did not come up with the container technology. Multiple other development tools offer containers similar to Docker. How is Docker better than other tools that use containers, then? Docker will utilise the cloud to run its container-related operations – which is not used by many other development tools. Docker has become much more flexible and adaptable to different scenarios using the cloud, which might come up during the development or shipment processes. This is the main reason to use the Docker when compared to other container-based developer tools. What is a Dockerfile? A Dockerfile is a set of instructions. Developers provided Docker with such instructions therefore the program could do the job correctly, with those specific parameters in mind. What are the three main types of Docker components? The Client, the Host, and the Registry. The client is the component which will issue “run” and “build” commands to the host. The host is where all of the containers and images will be created. They will be then sent to the registry, for execution. Will you lose all of your work if you accidentally exit a container? No, We won’t lose any information, data and other parameters if we accidentally exit the Docker container. The only way to lose progress would be to issue a specific command to delete the container – exiting it won’t do the files within any harm. Can you use any other files for composing instead of the default YAML? Yes, The more popular version to use than YAML is the good-old JSON. What is ‘NameSpaces’ used for? NameSpaces will isolate the Docker containers from other activities or tampering with them. What is the single most important requirement for building a Docker container? The most important requirement for building a container with Docker is the default image. This default image will vary depending on the code that we are using. To find out and access the default image, we should go to the Docker Hub and search for the specific domain that we required. After we find the image, all that’s left to do is deal with the documentation and that’s it – we can create a Docker container. How does Docker manage ‘Dockerized nodes’? A Dockerized node can be any machine which has Docker installed and running. Docker will manage both in-house and cloud-based nodes. Therefore, whether the node will exist in the area of the main computer running Docker or it is present on the cloud – it will not matter. Docker can manage it without a problem. What are the main factors that dictate the number of containers you can run? There is no defined limit of containers that we can run with Docker. The limitations may start due to hardware. Two factors might limit the number of containers that we can run – the size of app and CPU strength. If application isn’t ginormous and we have a never-ending supply of CPU power, we could probably run a huge amount of Docker container simultaneously. How is Docker different from Hypervisor? Hypervisor will require to have extensive hardware to function properly, while Docker will run on the actual operating system. This will allow Docker to be exceptionally fast and perform tasks in a fluid manner – something which Hypervisor tends to lack. Can I use JSON instead of YAML for my compose file in Docker? YES, We can very comfortably use JSON instead of the default YAML for Docker compose file. In order to use JSON file with compose, we required to specify the filename to use as the following: docker-compose -f docker-compose.json up Tell us how you have used Docker in your past position? We could also explain the ease that this technology has brought in the automation of the development to production lifecycle management. We can also discuss about any other integrations that we might have worked along with Docker like Puppet, Chef or even the most popular of all technologies – Jenkins. How to create Docker container? We will create a Docker container out of any specific Docker image of choice and the same can be achieved using the command given below: docker run -t -i command name The command above can create the container . In order to check whether the Docker container will be created and whether it is running or not, we could make use of the following command. This command can list out all the Docker containers along with its statuses on the host that the Docker container runs. docker ps –a How to stop and restart the Docker container? The following command will be used to stop a certain Docker container with the container id as CONTAINER_ID: docker stop CONTAINER_ID The following command will be used to restart a certain Docker container with the container id as CONTAINER_ID: docker restart CONTAINER_ID How far do Docker containers scale? The Web deployments such as Google, Twitter and best examples in the Platform Providers such as Heroku, dotCloud run on Docker that can scale from the ranges of hundreds of thousands to millions of containers running in parallel, provided the condition which the OS and the memory will not run out from the hosts which runs all these innumerable containers hosting your applications. What platforms does Docker run on? Docker will currently available on the following platforms and also on the following Vendors or Linux: 1. Ubuntu 12.04, 13.04 Fedora 19/20+ RHEL 6.5+ 4 CentOS 6+ Gentoo ArchLinux openSUSE 12.3+ CRUX 3.0+ Docker will currently available and run on the following Cloud environment setups as following: Amazon EC2 Google Compute Engine Microsoft Azure Rackspace Docker is extending it will support to Windows and Mac OSX environments and support on Windows has been on the growth in a very drastic manner. What is the advantage of Docker over hypervisors? Answer: Docker is lightweight and more efficient in resource uses because it will use the underlying host kernel rather than creating its hypervisor. Is Container technology new? No, container technology is not new. Different variations of containers technology ate out there in *NIX world for a long time. Solaris container (aka Solaris Zones)-FreeBSD Jails-AIX Workload Partitions (aka WPARs)-Linux OpenVZ are examples. How is Docker different from other container technologies? Docker is a quite fresh project. It was created in the Era of Cloud, Therefore a lot of things are better than in other container technologies. Following are the features which are good in Docker: Docker will run on any infrastructure, we can run docker on laptop, or can run it in the cloud. Docker has a Container HUB which is a repository of containers that can download and use. We can even share containers with any applications. Docker is quite well documented. What are the networks that are available by default? bridge It is the default network all containers connect to if we will not specify the network. none connects to a container-specific network stack which will lack a network interface host connects to the host’s network stack – there will be no isolation between the host machine and the container, as far as network is concerned Difference between Docker Image and container? The runtime instance of docker image is the Docker container. Docker Image will not have a state, and its state will never change as it will just set of files whereas docker container will have its execution state. What is the use case for Docker? There are use cases where we can use Docker in production. How exactly are containers (Docker in our case) different from hypervisor virtualization (vSphere)? What are the benefits? To run an application in a virtualized environment (example for vSphere), we first required for creating a VM, install an OS inside and only then deploy the application. To run the same application in docker, all we required is to deploy that application in Docker. There is no need for additional OS layer. We just deploy the application with its dependent libraries, docker engine (kernel, etc.) which will provide the rest. Another benefit of Docker is speed of deployment. Click here for Docker interview questions with Answers PART 2

Superadmin

Sep 22, 2022

Java Interview Questions With Answers (For freshers)

Java is a computer programming language and platform. As one of the most popular programming languages, it offers a wide variety of job opportunities. If you are a fresher and preparing for a Java interview then please keep on reading. We have prepared a collection of questions to be asked in the interview which can help you with the preparation. 1. Why is Java a platform-independent language? Java language was developed in such a way that it does not depend on any hardware or software due to the fact that the compiler compiles the code and then converts it to platform-independent byte code which can be run on multiple systems. The only condition to run that byte code is for the machine to have a runtime environment (JRE) installed in it 2. Why is Java not a pure object-oriented language? Java supports primitive data types - byte, boolean, char, short, int, float, long, and double and hence it is not a pure object-oriented language. 3. What is the minimum requirement to run the java program from JVM JDK and JRE? JDK, because it includes JRE and some other files too. 4. Can java be said to be the complete object-oriented programming language? It is not wrong if we claim that java is the complete object-oriented programming language. Because Everything in Java is under the classes. And we can access that by creating the objects. But also if we say that java is not a completely object-oriented programming language because it has the support of primitive data types like int, float, char, boolean, double, etc. Now for the question: Is java a completely object-oriented programming language? We can say that - Java is not a pure object-oriented programming language, because it has direct access to primitive data types. And these primitive data types don't directly belong to the Integer classes. 5. How is Java different from C++? C++ is only a compiled language, whereas Java is compiled as well as an interpreted language. Java programs are machine-independent whereas a c++ program can run only in the machine in which it is compiled. C++ allows users to use pointers in the program. Whereas java doesn’t allow it. Java internally uses pointers. C++ supports the concept of Multiple inheritances whereas Java doesn't support this. And it is due to avoiding the complexity of name ambiguity that causes the diamond problem. 6. Pointers are used in C/ C++. Why does Java not make use of pointers? Pointers are quite complicated and unsafe to use by beginner programmers. Java focuses on code simplicity, and the usage of pointers can make it challenging. Pointer utilization can also cause potential errors. Moreover, security is also compromised if pointers are used because the users can directly access memory with the help of pointers. Thus, a certain level of abstraction is furnished by not including pointers in Java. Moreover, the usage of pointers can make the procedure of garbage collection quite slow and erroneous. Java makes use of references as these cannot be manipulated, unlike pointers. 7. Does the constructor return any value? The constructor doesn’t return any value as it does not have any return type. 8. Can we make a constructor final? Final means no changes be made once initialized so to do use the final keyword with the constructor could cause a problem. The constructor cannot be final because the constructor cannot be inherited and in the constructor, values are initialized to the variable so this variable changes every time. A constructor can’t be inherited so can’t be overridden, so there is no use in making the constructor final. 9. What is static in java? Static is a non-access modifier in java which is applicable for the following a. Blocks b. Variables c. Method d. Nested classes 10. Can we override a static method? No, we cannot override a static method java. If a derived class defined a static method with the same signature as the static method in the base class, the method in the derived class hides the method in the base class. 11. Inheritance in java? The process by which one class acquires the properties ( data members ) and functionalities ( Method ) of another class is called inheritance. An object which acquired the properties of another object is called inheritance properties means code & data/method & fields. Type of Inheritance. a. Single Inheritance b. Multilevel Inheritance c. Hierarchical Inheritance d. Hybrid Inheritance 12. Why multiple inheritance is not possible in java? Java does not support multiple inheritances. Suppose C is the child class extending from both parent class A and parent class B with the same method defined in them. Then child class cannot understand which class method to call. So there is confusion here which leads to ambiguity and leads to compile time error. This is the reason java does not support multiple inheritances Java does not support multiple inheritances. For this java has an interface 13. Difference between abstract class and inheritance Abstraction Class Interface A class which is declared with the abstract keyword is known as an abstract class in java The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction, It can’t have a method body An abstract class can have abstract and non-abstract method Interface can have only abstract methods An abstract class can have final, non-final, static and not-static variables Interface has only static and final variable An abstract class may contain non-final variables Variables declared in a java interface are by default final An abstract class can be extended using the keyword “extends” Interface can be implemented using the keyword “implements” A java abstract class can have class members like private, protected, etc Member of a java interface are public by default Abstract class can extend another java class and implement multiple java interface Interface can extend another java interface only 14. What do you understand by an instance variable and a local variable? Instance variables are those variables that are accessible by all the methods in the class. They are declared outside the methods and inside the class. These variables describe the properties of an object and remain bound to it at any cost. All the objects of the class will have their copy of the variables for utilization. If any modification is done on these variables, then only that instance will be impacted by it, and all other class instances continue to remain unaffected. Example: class Athlete { public String athleteName; public double athleteSpeed; public int athleteAge; } Local variables are those variables present within a block, function, or constructor and can be accessed only inside them. The utilization of the variable is restricted to the block scope. Whenever a local variable is declared inside a method, the other class methods don’t have any knowledge about the local variable. Example: public void athlete() { String athleteName; double athleteSpeed; int athleteAge; } 15. What are the default values assigned to variables and instances in java? There are no default values assigned to the variables in java. We need to initialize the value before using it. Otherwise, it will throw a compilation error of (Variable might not be initialized). But for instance, if we create the object, then the default value will be initialized by the default constructor depending on the data type. If it is a reference, then it will be assigned to null. If it is numeric, then it will assign to 0. If it is a boolean, then it will be assigned to false. Etc. 16. What do you mean by data encapsulation? Data Encapsulation is an Object-Oriented Programming concept of hiding the data attributes and their behaviours in a single unit. It helps developers to follow modularity while developing software by ensuring that each object is independent of other objects by having its own methods, attributes, and functionalities. It is used for the security of the private properties of an object and hence serves the purpose of data hiding. 17. How is an infinite loop declared in Java? Infinite loops are those loops that run infinitely without any breaking conditions. Some examples of consciously declaring infinite loop is: Using For Loop: for (;;) { // Business logic // Any break logic } Using while loop: while(true){ // Business logic // Any break logic } Using do-while loop: do{ // Business logic // Any break logic }while(true); 18. Define Copy constructor in java. Copy Constructor is the constructor used when we want to initialize the value to the new object from the old object of the same class. class InterviewBit{ String department; String service; InterviewBit(InterviewBit ib){ this.departments = ib.departments; this.services = ib.services; } } Here we are initializing the new object value from the old object value in the constructor. Although, this can also be achieved with the help of object cloning. 20. Explain the use of the final keyword in variable, method and class. In Java, the final keyword is used as defining something as constant /final and represents the non-access modifier. final variable: When a variable is declared as final in Java, the value can’t be modified once it has been assigned. If any value has not been assigned to that variable, then it can be assigned only by the constructor of the class. final method: A method declared as final cannot be overridden by its children's classes. A constructor cannot be marked as final because whenever a class is inherited, the constructors are not inherited. Hence, marking it final doesn't make sense. Java throws compilation error saying - modifier final not allowed here final class: No classes can be inherited from the class declared as final. But that final class can extend other classes for its usage. 21. Why is the main method static in Java? The main method is always static because static members are those methods that belong to the classes, not to an individual object. So if the main method will not be static then for every object, It is available. And that is not acceptable by JVM. JVM calls the main method based on the class name itself. Not by creating the object. Because there must be only 1 main method in the java program as the execution starts from the main method. So for this reason the main method is static. 22. What is a ClassLoader? Java Classloader is the program that belongs to JRE (Java Runtime Environment). The task of ClassLoader is to load the required classes and interfaces to the JVM when required. 23. How can we implement any code before the main method? When we need to implement any statements even before object creations at load time of class, we use a static block of code in the class. Any kind of statements which is inside this static block of code gets implemented once at the time of loading the class even before object creation in the main method. 24. What are the two methods of executing multi-threading in Java? Multi-threaded applications are built in Java in any of the following two ways: With Java.Lang.Runnable Interface. Classes execute this interface to authorize multi-threading. There occurs a Run() method in the interface that is executed. Through writing a class which expands Java.Lang.Thread class. 25. How can garbage collection be done in Java? If an object is not referenced anymore in Java, the garbage collection takes place and the object has been eradicated automatically. Java calls either Runtime.gc method or System.gc() method for automatic garbage collection. 26. What is the difference between Vector and an array? Vectors are said to be dynamic in nature and hold the data of various data types while an array gathers data of a similar primitive type that is static in nature. 27. In java why strings are known as Immutable? String objects are known as immutable in java once the value is assigned to a string, it cannot be changed. If it is changed, a new object is created. 28. Define multi-threading It is one of the significant and frequently asked Java Interview Questions Multi-threading is said to be a programming concept to generate multiple tasks within a single program in a concurrent manner. Threads share a stack of the same process and run in parallel. It helps in the performance enhancement of any program. 29. Why is the Runnable Interface used in Java? A runnable interface has been used in java for executing multi-threaded applications. Java.Lang.A runnable interface is executed by a class to support multi-threading. 30. Does main() method in java return any data? The main() method cannot return back any data and thus, it is always declared with a void return type in Java.

Sumasri

Sep 15, 2022

Manual Testing Interview Questions (Advance Level)

In the software development lifecycle, software testing is an essential activity to verify that the software is functional and adequate. Thus, manual testing is essential to the entire software development process. If you are preparing for a manual or automation testing interview for advanced/intermediate level then please keep on reading. We have prepared a collection of questions to be asked in the interview which can help you with the preparation. 1. What is Test Closure? Test Closure is a document that summarises all of the tests performed throughout the software development life cycle, as well as a full analysis of the defects fixed and errors discovered. The total number of experiments, the total number of experiments executed, the total number of flaws detected, the total number of defects settled, the total number of bugs not settled, the total number of bugs rejected, and so on are all included in this memo. 2..What is Test Harness? A test harness is software and test data used to put a programme unit to the test by running it under various conditions such as stress, load, and data-driven data while monitoring its behaviour and outputs. 3. Explain the defect life cycle. A defect life cycle is a process by which a defect progresses through numerous stages over the course of its existence. The cycle begins when a fault is discovered and concludes when the defect is closed after it has been verified that it will not be recreated. 4. Differentiate between bug leakage and bug release Bug Leakage - When tested software is pushed into the market and the end-user discovers defects, this is known as bug leakage. These are bugs that the testing team overlooked throughout the testing phase. Bug Release - When a certain version of software is launched into the market with some known bugs that are expected to be fixed in later versions, this is known as a bug release. These are low-priority issues that are highlighted in the release notes when sharing with end-users. 5. What is a stub? Many times, when top-down integration testing is performed, lower-level modules are not produced until top-level modules are tested and integrated. Stubs or dummy modules are used in these circumstances to emulate module behaviour by delivering a hard-coded or predicted result based on the input variables. 6. What are the cases when you’ll consider choosing automated testing over manual testing? Automated testing can be considered over manual testing during the following situations: When tests require periodic execution Tests include repetitive steps Tests need to be executed in a standard runtime environment When you have less time to complete the testing phase When there is a lot of code that needs to be repeatedly tested Reports are required for every execution 7. Why is it that the boundary value analysis provides good test cases? The reason why boundary value analysis provides good test cases is that usually, a greater number of errors occur at the boundaries rather than in the centre of the input domain for a test. In the boundary value analysis technique test cases are designed to include values at the boundaries. If the input is within the boundary value, it is considered ‘Positive testing.’ If the input is outside of the boundary value, it is considered ‘Negative testing.’ It includes maximum, minimum, inside or outside edge, typical values or error values. Let’s suppose you are testing for an input box that accepts numbers from ’01 to 10′. Using the boundary value analysis we can define three classes of test cases: Test cases with test data exactly as the input boundaries of input: 1 and 10 (in this case) Values just below the extreme edges of input domains: 0 and 9 Test data with values just above the extreme edges of input domains: 2 and 11 8. What is the average age of a defect in software testing? Defect age is the time elapsed between the day the tester discovered a defect and the day the developer got it fixed. While estimating the age of a defect, consider the following points: The day of birth of a defect is the day it got assigned and accepted by the development team. The issues which got dropped are out of the scope. Age can be both in hours or days. The end time is the day the defect got verified and closed, not just the day it got fixed by the development team. 9. List the different types of severity. The criticality of a bug can be low, medium, or high depending on the context. User interface defects – Low Boundary-related defects – Medium Error handling defects – Medium Calculation defects – High Misinterpreted data – High Hardware failures – High Compatibility issues – High Control flow defects – High Load conditions – High 10. Difference between Bug, Defect, and Error. A slip in coding is indicated as an error. The error spotted by a manual tester becomes a defect. The defect that the development team admits is known as a bug. If a built code misses the requirements, then it is a functional failure. 11. What are functional test cases and non-functional test cases? Functional testing: It is testing the ‘functionality’ of a software or an application under test. It tests the behaviour of the software under test. Based on the requirement of the client, a document called a software specification or requirement specification is used as a guide to testing the application. Non-functional testing: In software terms, when an application works as per the user’s expectation, smoothly and efficiently under any condition, then it is stated as a reliable application. Based on quality, it is very critical to test these parameters. This type of testing is called non-functional testing. 12. How do you test a product if the requirements are yet to be frozen? If the required specifications are not available for a product, then a test plan can be created based on the assumptions made about the product. But we should get all assumptions well-documented in the test plan. 13. Smoke testing It is a kind of quick test carried out on the application to determine whether the application is testable or not. 14. Adhoc testing If you test software without following any procedure and documentation it's called Adhoc testing, it's also called informal testing. 15. Regression testing It is a process of identifying the various feature in the modified built where there is a chance of getting affected and retesting these features 16. What do you know about API Testing? API is an acronym for Application Programming Interface. It gives users access to public classes, functions, and member variables for calling them from external applications. It lays down a model for components to being interaction with each other. API testing comprises three parts: Data-tier (database) Business logic tier (PHP/J2EE) Presentation tier (UI) API testing is also a white-box testing method. It makes use of the code and a programming tool to call the API. It ignores the UI layer of the application and validates the path between the client and the API. The client software forwards a call to the API to get the specified return value. API testing examines whether the system is responding with the correct status or not. API testing got carried out by the testers to confirm the system from end to end. They don’t have permission to get to the source code but can use the API calls. This testing covers authorization, usability, exploratory, automated, and document validation. 17. SDLC divided into two models Sequential ->Waterfall model ,V model Iteration -> RAD (Rapid Application Development), Prototype, Spiral module. 18. Sequential models These modules are best suited for small applications where all development activities are carried out in sequential order for the entire project. 19. Interactive models These models are best suitable for big projects, in which a big project will be divided into modules then the application will be implemented module by module. 20. Agile Model Agile Model project is divided into various sprints Each sprint contains high-priority requirements The time period of the sprint is typically 2 to 3 weeks Daily screening meetings with the team share the status and potential issues. Each sprint is released to the customer User for critical applications 21. Q & A testing Once system Level testing is approved, release the application for user acceptance testing (UAT), Once installed by the customer feedback is obtained for future enhancement and finding defects. 22. Stress testing Checking the application behaviour under stress conditions, In other words, reducing the system resources and keeping the load constant checking and how the application behaves 23. What are the key elements of a bug report? An ideal bug report should contain the following key points. A unique ID. Defect description – a short description of the bug. Steps to reproduce – include the detailed test steps to emulate the issue. We should also provide the test data and the time of its occurrence. Environment – add any system settings that could help in reproducing the issue. Module/section of the application in which issue has occurred. Severity. Screenshots. Responsible QA – This person is a point of contact in case you want to follow up regarding this issue 24. Is there any difference between Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Software Testing? What is it? Quality Assurance (QA): QA refers to the planned and systematic way of monitoring the quality of the process which is followed to produce a quality product. QA tracks the outcomes and adjusts the process to meet the expectation. Quality Control (QC) is related to the quality of the product. QC not only finds the defects and suggests improvements also. Thus the process that is set by QA is implemented by QC. QC is the responsibility of the testing team. Software Testing is the process of ensuring that the product which is developed by the developer meets the user requirement. The motive to perform testing is to find the bugs and make sure that they get fixed. Thus it helps to maintain the quality of the product to be delivered to the customer 25. Explain the difference between Smoke testing and Sanity Testing? The main differences between smoke and sanity testing are as follows. Whenever there is a new build delivered after bug fixing, it has to pass through sanity testing. However, smoke testing is done to check the major functionalities of the application. Sanity testing is done either by the tester or the developer. However, smoke testing is not necessarily done by a tester or developer. Smoke tests precede sanity test execution. Sanity testing touches critical areas of the product to ensure the basics are working fine. However, smoke tests include a set of high priority test cases focussing on a particular functionality. 26. What are the severity and priority of a defect? Explain using an example. Priority reflects the urgency of the defect from the business point of view. It indicates – How quickly we need to fix the bug? Severity reflects the impact of the defect on the functionality of the application. Bugs having a critical impact on the functionality require a quick fix. Here are examples which show the bugs under different priority and severity combinations. High Priority and Low Severity. The display of the company logo is not proper on its website. High Priority and High Severity. While making an online purchase, if the user sees a message like “Error in order processing, please try again.” at the time of submitting the payment details. Low Priority and High Severity. Suppose we have a typical scenario in which the application crashes, but such a scenario has a rare occurrence. Low Priority and Low Severity. These are typo errors in the displayed content like “You have registered success”. Instead of “successfully”, “success” is written. 27. What is the role of QA in project development? QA stands for QUALITY ASSURANCE. QA team assures the quality by monitoring the whole development process. QA tracks the outcomes after adjusting the process to meet the expectations. Quality Assurance (QA) does many tasks like the following. Responsible for monitoring the process to be carried out during development. Plans the processes to follow for the test execution phase. Prepares the timetable and agrees on the Quality Assurance plan for the product with the customer. Communicates the QA process to other teams and their members. Ensures traceability of test cases to requirements. 28. Assume you have a test plan with over 1000 test cases. How would you make sure what should be automated and what to test manually? In such a situation, I will focus on test case priority and the feasibility of automation for the test case in question. There can be many other things that can make a difference. The complicated scenarios are tedious and take a lot of time in manual execution. The test cases were missed in the past. The parts of the application that need regression testing. The test cases are hard to automate. The features are still under development. (If certain parts of the app are about to be changed, I recommend not to start with automated testing for these cases.) The test cases that are part of “explorative” testing and assessing the user experience 29. What is a Test strategy? Test strategy helps to define the testing process that would take place in a software development cycle. It consists of testing tasks, and lets managers and developers know about the issues as and when they get discovered. It includes the following information. Introduction, Resource, Scope and schedule for test activities, Required Test tools, Definition of Test priorities, Test planning and the types of tests to run. 30. What is Testware? Testware is the subset of software, which helps in performing the testing of an application. It is a term given to the combination of Software applications and utilities required for testing a software package. 31. How do you determine which devices and OS versions should we test? A good candidate would point to app analytics as the best measure, looking for the most used devices for their particular app. Another answer would be to check the app reviews where people might have complained about specific issues happening on their devices. 32. What are the main elements of a test plan and test cases? Testing objectives Testing scope Testing the frame The environment Reason for testing The criteria for entrance and exit Deliverables Risk factors 33. Do you know about bug leakage and bug release? Bug release is when the software or an application is handed over to the testing team knowing that the defect is present in a release. During this, the priority and severity of the bug are low, as it has to be fixed before the final handover. Bug leakage is something when the bug is discovered by the end users or customers and missed by the testing team to detect while testing the software. 34. To what extent should developers do their testing or do you believe testing is the responsibility of the QA team? The answer to this question depends on the business environment in your work. In today’s emerging test scenario, it is also the developer’s responsibility to perform at least some of his code testing. Though it is not expected that he will have the capacity or that his focus should be to run through large test plans or test on a large stack of devices. However, without the responsibility to review and test his code, a sense of ownership will not develop. We believe that results will improve if all parties have access to test cases and can run and access them regularly to verify if the latest changes brought any regression. 35. What are the roles and responsibilities of a software quality assurance engineer? A software quality assurance engineer has to perform the following tasks: Understanding of software design Knowledge of source code Code review Version control Program testing Integration testing Release process 36. Who performs Acceptance testing? Internal Acceptance Testing (Aka Alpha Testing) is done by members of the organization that has produced the software but who are not directly involved in the project (Development or Testing). Commonly, it is the members of Product Management, Pre-Sales, and/or Tech Support. External Acceptance Testing is performed by the product consumers who are not employees of the organization that developed the software. They can be some technical people from the client side or the actual end user. 37. What is the scope of Web Testing? Web testing is the name given to Software Testing that focuses on testing web-based applications. Before going to the production environment, the test team performs exhaustive testing of the web applications. This helps to uncover different issues in the application like a functional discrepancy, web application security, web service testing, problems during integration, environmental issues, and its ability to handle the user load. These issues if remain uncovered may get exposed to the public. Thus efforts are made in this stage of testing to find out the possible bugs. 38. What are the most common issues seen in web testing? The following issue may crop up when you do web testing. Functional Issues. Problems that occur while navigating an application. Usability issues like broken links, form fields missing default focus, tab key not working and all keyboard shortcuts not fully functional. Cosmetic and GUI issues. Performance issues – How much time it takes to display the page to the user? Load – How much load an application can handle at any point in time. Stress – Load that causes an application to crash. The flows of data – Storing of the information entered by the user in the correct format. Proper static information is not displayed along with text fields to enter data. 39. List down the key web application testing techniques? Following is the list of standard testing techniques that we apply to test any web application. Functional Testing – includes link testing, form validation, search operations, and navigation testing. Security Testing – includes authorization check for secure pages, verifying access control and the user making direct entry to the internal page or redirecting to the login page, checking if the session expires after it remains idle for a pre-defined time and testing virus attacks. Database Testing – includes verifying data integrity on creating, updating or deleting data in the database, obtaining a correct result on executing heavy queries, retrieving data from the database and representing on the web pages correctly. Performance Testing – Check response times of application under different speeds of connections, verify if the site handles many simultaneous user requests at the same time, check how the site handles large input data from users and check how the site pulls through if a crash occurs due to peak load. Usability Testing – includes navigation testing to verify that the Menus, Links or buttons on web pages move to correct pages, and content testing to identify all the spelling and grammatical errors present on the page. Compatibility Testing – includes verification of OS compatibility, browser compatibility, and mobile browsing. Interface Testing – verifies that communication towards all three servers – The Web, Application, and Database Server is working fine. Check if any request interrupts in-between then how the application is responding. Handle any error from the web or database server to the application server and display the correct error message to the user. 40. List the main differences between client-server, the web and desktop applications. Desktop application. The application runs in single memory with Front-end and Back-end in one place. It has a single user only. Client/Server application. The application runs on two or more machines. It is menu-driven. Works in connected mode ( that means connection exists until logout). It has a limited number of users. It has fewer network issues as compared to the web app. Web application. The application runs on two or more machines. It is URL-driven. It uses a web browser as the client interface. Works in disconnected mode (stateless). It has an unlimited number of users. It has many issues like hardware compatibility, browser compatibility, version compatibility, security issues, and performance issues. 41. Functionality verification for testing the web application A- Testing Links which include. i. Internal Links. ii. External Links. iii. Mail Links. iv. Broken Links. B- Form validation includes. i. Field validation. ii. Display error message for wrong input. iii. Verification of optional and mandatory fields. C- Database. i. Testing the database integrity. D- Cookies. i. Testing will be done on the client system side, on the temporary Internet files. 42. Performance verification on web testing applications. Performance testing can be applied to understand the website’s scalability or to benchmark the performance in the environment of third-party products such as servers and middleware for potential purchase. A- Connection Speed. Testing was done on various networks like Dial-up and ISDN. B- Load. i. A Huge number of users accessing the application at the same time. ii. Check for peak loads and how the system behaves. iii. A Large amount of data accessed by a user. C- Stress. i. Apply continuous load on the system. ii. Verify the performance of memory, CPU, and file handling. 43. What is the Security Testing involved? Security testing involves the following. i. Network Scanning. ii. Vulnerability Scanning. iii. Password Cracking. iv. Log Review. v. Integrity Checkers. vi. Virus Detection. 44. What is the difference between a static and dynamic website? The main differences between Static and Dynamic websites are as follows. A Static website contains web pages with fixed content whereas, in Dynamic website content of the web page changes with respect to time. It’s not difficult to build a static website as you don’t require any database design. But developing a dynamic website requires good programming resources and database knowledge. A static website doesn’t support user communication as it displays the same information to each one of them. Whereas, in the case of dynamic websites, users may communicate with each other 45. Explain Cross Site Scripting? Cross-Site Scripting is a thread in the dynamic website. It is also known as XSS. It occurs when a web application gathers malicious data from a user. Data collection happens in a hyperlinked form which contains malicious content within it. It allows the insertion of malicious code into the web page. The web page can be a simple HTML code or a client-side script. Suppose a user, accidentally clicks on a web page containing the malicious code then that code becomes part of the web request of the user. This request can also execute on the user’s computer and steal confidential information 46. What are the different tools that you use for web testing? Below is the list of the most popular web testing tools available nowadays. And we are using them frequently to run web tests. JMeter (mainly load and performance testing tool) – It is a Java desktop application which is useful to create the load test environment. It measures the performance of the application during the load test. And it is capable of testing the performance of both static and dynamic websites. Selenium (Web app testing tool ) – It is a framework for automated testing of web applications. It’s not just a single tool but a suite of software each catering to different testing needs. Its components include Selenium IDE, Selenium Remote Control, Selenium Webdriver, and Selenium Grid to examine and evaluate the web application. Nowadays, Selenium RC and Webdriver have merged into Selenium 2. 47. Do you know about the tools used for analyzing HTTP traffic? Yes, we often need to track the HTTP requests that flow from the browser to the downstream web server. Also, by probing the network traffic, we can get to the details of each request/response and cross verify. Next, many tools are available in the market for monitoring Web traffic. I can name some of them which are open source and frequently used. Wireshark – It’s to check all data that passes through the network. Fiddler – It is more useful for analyzing the HTTP/s-only traffic. Live HTTP Headers – It’s a Firefox add-on which is helpful for previewing the HTTP headers. FireBug – It’s the most popular Firefox plugin which can monitor AJAX transactions. Though, an essential feature is to fetch the Web element locators. BrowserMob Proxy – It adds additional functionality to Selenium Webdriver for running automated tests. 48. What is the difference between High level and Low-Level test cases? High-level test cases cover the core functionality of a product like standard business flows. Low-level test cases are those related to the user interface (UI) in the application. 49. What is a Business Requirements Document (BRD)? BRD provides a complete business solution for a project, including the documentation of customer needs and expectations. BRD fulfils the following objectives. Gain agreement with stakeholders. Provide clarity on the business requirements. Describe the solution that meets the customer/business needs. Determine the input for the next phase of the project. 50. What is globalization testing? Globalization testing concentrates on detecting the potential problems in the product design that could spoil globalization. It certifies that the code can handle the desired international support without breaking any functionality. And also, it ensures that there would be no data loss and display problems. Please note that these top 50 questions are only meant to be used as guidance. We recommend that along with being thorough with the subject, in theory, you are also aware of the latest developments and key trends in the area.

Sumasri

Sep 06, 2022

Manual Testing Interview Questions (Basic Level)

The success of any software product in today's competitive environment depends on testing. If you are preparing for a Junior level manual testing interview then please keep on reading. We have prepared a collection of questions to be asked in the interview which can help you with the preparation. 1. Define Errors: Any incorrect human action that produces a problem in the system. 2. Define Defect: Deviation between expected behaviour to the actual behaviour of the system. 3. Define Failure: Deviation identified by the end-user while using a system. 4. Why does software have defects? Incorrect requirements Wrong design Poor coding Complex business logic Complex technology Frequently changing requirements 5. Testing It is a process of verifying whether we are developing the right product or not and also validating if the developed product is right or not. 6. Stating testing /verification It's a process of verifying whether are we developing the right product or not 7. Validation /dynamic testing It's a process of validating whether the developed product is right or not. 8. Software testing techniques Static testing Dynamic testing white box testing Black box testing /Grey box testing 9. Levels of testing Unit /Component testing Integration testing System testing Acceptance testing 10. White box test Testing is conducted on the source code by the developer to check if the source code is working as expected or not. 11. Black box testing white box testing is generally done by the developer, whereas black box testing is done by test engineers. 12. Smoke testing It is a kind of quick test carried out on the application to determine whether the application is testable or not. 13. Adhoc testing If you test software without following any procedure and documentation it's called Adhoc testing,it's also called informal testing 14. Regression testing It is a process of identifying the various feature in the modified build where there is a chance of getting affected and retesting these features 15. Exploratory testing Understanding the system, modifying the test cases and executing those changes. 16. Non -Functional testing Validating the various non-functional aspects of the system such as interfaces, user friendly, security, load, stress, compatibility and performance etc. 17. Globalisation testing Checking if the application has a provision for setting and changing languages date and time format, currency format etc. It is designed for a global user. 18. Software testing life cycle (STLC) /Manual testing procedure. Planning and Control Analysis and Design Implementation and Execution Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting Test Closure activities 19. Test plan: It is a day-to-day work plan that explains the scope, approach resources and work schedule etc. The test plan can be prepared by the test lead. 20. Test design techniques Equivalence class partition (ECP) Boundary value analysis (BVA) decision table. state transition testing Use Case testing 21. Requirement traceability matrix (RTM) Mapping between test cases and requirements is called a traceability matrix. 22. High servility Runtime error, show stopper, Once the function is not working 23. Low severity Bugs, Font, colours, Cosmetic etc. 24. Defect Age The time interval between the date of detection and the date of closure is called defect age. 25. SDLC divided into two models Sequential ->Waterfall model ,V model teration -> RAD (Rapid Application development),Prototype, Spiral module. 26. Sequential models These modules are best suited for small applications where all development activities are carried out in sequential order for the entire project. 27. Interactive models These models are best suitable for big projects, in which a big project will be divided into modules then the application will be implemented module by module. 28. Waterfall model It is a beginning approach to a development module where all development activities are carried out one after the other for the entire project. 29. Agile Model Agile Model project is divided into various sprints Each sprint contains high priority requirements The time period of the sprint is typically 2 to 3 weeks Daily screening meetings with the team share the status and potential issues. Each sprint is released to the customer User for critical applications 30. Q & A testing Once system Level testing is approved, release the application for user acceptance testing (UAT), Once installed by the customer feedback is obtained for future enhancement and finding defects. 31. Stress testing checking the application behaviour under stress conditions, In other words, reducing the system resources and keeping the load constant checking how the application behaves 32. Priority Defines the importance of defects with respect to the client's point of view, which means how soon they should be fixed. p1 Urgent p2 high p3 Medium p4 Low . 33. Severity Critical Major Moderate Minimum 34. What is the test case? A test case is a document that has a set of conditions or actions that are performed on the software application in order to verify the expected functionality of the feature. 35. What’s the difference between verification and validation in testing? Verification Validation It is a static analysis technique. Here, testing is done without executing the code. Examples include – Reviews, Inspection, and walkthroughs. It is a dynamic analysis technique where testing is done by executing the code. Examples include functional and non-functional testing techniques. 36. What is API testing? API testing is a type of software testing where application programming interfaces (APIs) are tested to determine if they meet expectations for functionality, reliability, performance, and security. In simple terms, API testing is intended to reveal bugs, inconsistencies or deviations from the expected behaviour of an API. 37. What are the advantages of manual testing? Merits of manual testing are: It is a cheaper way of testing when compared to automated testing Analysis of the product from the point of view of the end-user is possible only with manual testing GUI testing can be done more accurately with the help of manual testing as visual accessibility and preferences are difficult to automate East to learn for new people who have just entered into testing It is highly suitable for short-term projects when test scripts are not going to be repeated and reused for thousands of times Best suited when the project is at the early stages of its development Highly reliable, since automated tests can contain errors and missed bugs 38. What are the drawbacks of manual testing? De-merits of manual testing are: Highly susceptible to human error and are risky Test types like load testing and performance testing are not possible manually Regression tests are really time-consuming if they are done manually The scope of manual testing is very limited when compared to automation testing Not suitable in very large organizations and time-bounded projects The cost adds up, so, it’s more expensive to test manually in the long run 39. When should you stop the testing process? The testing activity ends when the testing team completes the following milestones. Test case execution The successful completion of a full test cycle after the final bug fix marks the end of the testing phase. Testing deadline The end date of the validation stage also declares the closure of the validation if no critical or high-priority defects remain in the system. Code Coverage(CC) ratio It is the amount of code concealed via automated tests. If the team achieves the intended level of code coverage (CC) ratio, then it can choose to end the validation. Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) rate Mean time between failure (MTBF) refers to the average amount of time that a device or product functions before failing. This unit of measurement includes only operational time between failures and does not include repair times, assuming the item is repaired and begins functioning again. MTBF figures are often used to project how likely a single unit is to fail within a certain period of time 40. Mention the different types of software testing. Various types of Software Testing used by manual testers are as follows: Unit testing Integration testing Regression testing Shakeout testing Smoke testing Functional testing Performance testing Load testing Stress testing Endurance testing White-box and Black-box testing Alpha and Beta testing System testing 41. What is the purpose of end-to-end testing? End-to-end testing is a testing strategy to execute tests that cover every possible flow of an application from its start to finish. The objective of performing end-to-end tests is to discover software dependencies and to assert that the correct input is getting passed between various software modules and sub-systems. 42. What kind of skills are needed for someone to become a software tester? Software testers need skills such as: Problem-solving skills Excellent written and verbal communication skills Detail-oriented Able to handle the pressure Can work solo or as a team member equally well Organizational skills Related technical skills 43. Explain the difference between alpha testing and beta testing. Alpha testing is at the developer’s site before release. Potential clients conduct beta testing at their websites. 44. What’s a testbed? It’s not furniture. A testbed is an environment used for testing an application, including the hardware as well as any software needed to run the program to be tested. 45. What’s GUI testing? This tests the interface between the software and the end-user. Short for Graphics User Interface. 46. Define what is a critical bug. A critical bug is a bug that has got the tendency to affect a majority of the functionality of the given application. It means a large piece of functionality or major system component is completely broken and there is no workaround to move further. The application cannot be distributed to the end client unless the critical bug is addressed. 47. Why is it impossible to test a program thoroughly or in other terms 100% bug-free? It is impossible to build a software product which is 100% bug-free. You can just minimize the error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result. Here are the two principal reasons that make it impossible to test a program entirely. Software specifications can be subjective and can lead to different interpretations. A software program might require too many inputs, too many outputs, and too many path combinations to test. 48. What is a top-down and bottom-up approach in testing? Top-Down – Testing happens from top to bottom. That is, high-level modules are tested first and after that low-level modules. Lastly, the low-level modules are incorporated into a high-level state to guarantee the framework is working as it is expected to. Bottom-Up – Testing happens from base levels to high-up levels. The lowest level modules are tested first and afterwards high-level state modules. Lastly, the high-level state modules are coordinated to a low level to guarantee the framework is filling in as it has been proposed. 49. Is it true that we can do system testing at any stage? In system testing, all the components of the software are tested as a whole in order to ensure that the overall product meets the requirements specified. So, no. The system testing must start only if all units are in place and are working properly. System testing usually happens before the UAT (User Acceptance Testing). 50. Is there any difference between retesting and regression testing? Possible differences between retesting and regression testing are as follows: We perform retesting to verify the defect fixes. But, the regression testing assures that the bug fix does not break other parts of the application. Regression test cases verify the functionality of some or all modules. Regression testing ensures the re-execution of passed test cases. Whereas, retesting involves the execution of test cases that are in a failed state. Retesting has a higher priority over regression. But in some cases, both get executed in parallel. 51. Differentiate between Positive and Negative Testing Positive Testing Negative Testing Positive testing ensures that your software performs as expected. The test fails if an error occurs during positive testing. Negative testing guarantees that your app can gracefully deal with unexpected user behaviour or incorrect input. In this testing, the tester always looks for a single set of valid data. Testers use as much nega ingenuity as possible when validating the app against erroneous data. Please note that these top 51 questions are only meant to be used as guidance. We recommend that along with being thorough with the subject, in theory, you are also aware of the latest developments and key trends in the area.

Sumasri

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